$\require{mhchem}$
A computer animation representing at the particulate level the dynamic equilibrium established between molecules in the liquid phase and molecules in the vapor (gas) phase of bromine:
$\ce{Br2(l) <=> Br2(g)}$
This computer animation shows the vapor pressure of bromine above liquid bromine at the molecular level of representation.
This animation is a beta version. Please send comments as to what needs to be changed to improve the animation.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vYyZAqgt4qS1cq83CbAiyjWYwnTTyojg/view
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=092HBcCq5P8&feature=youtu.be
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403 USA
A set of PowerPoint slides is available to accompany this computer animation.
| m.p. | -7.2°C (19°F) |
| b.p. | 58.8°C (137.8°C) |
| vapor pressure at 25°C | 0.30 atm (228 mm Hg) |
| ∆Hvaporization | 29.96 kJ/mole |
| Substance | Vapor Pressure at 25°C | Primary Type of Intermolecular Force Acting Between Molecules |
| propane (CH3CH2CH3) | 8.43 atm | London Dispersion |
| bromine (Br2) | 0.30 atm | London Dispersion |
| ethanol (CH3CH2OH) | 0.08 atm | hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole |
| water (H2O) | 0.03 atm | hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole |
Curriculum Notes
Purdue University has a nice computer animation representing molecules in the liquid phase and gas phase of bromine. However, the computer animation does not depict the dynamic equilibrium between the two phases. A liquid is a state of matter in which a sample of matter:
- flows and can change its shape.
- is not easily compressible and maintains a relatively fixed volume
- The particle view or microscopic view of liquid bromine as depicted in the computer animation illustrates
- Liquids are made up of very small particles (atoms, molecules, and/or ions).
- The particles that make up a liquid:
- are close together with no regular arrangement,
- vibrate, move about, and slide past each other. http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/index.html